| The basic elements to be considered in the interpretation of
transitional cell carcinomas are the growth patterns, the nuclear grade,
and the tumor stage. The growth patterns are: papillary, infiltrating,
in-situ, and any combination of these. The papillary and infiltrating
tumors are graded and the in-situ carcinomas are not. In staging, most
observers now prefer the TNM system. Pathologists are encouraged to
incorporate all three of these parameters in the diagnosis: growth
pattern, grade, and stage. |
