Variations of nuclear size and staining intensity with increased
thickness of the epithelium must be interpreted in the context of other
findings. With inflammation, there may be acute inflammatory cells within
the epithelium and the latter may have larger nuclei and more abundant cytoplasm
than normal urothelial cells (Figs. 1 and 2). Lithiasis, recent instrumentation
or underlying tumors may produce cellular changes which fall short of the
generally accepted criteria for cytological malignancy. Figure 3 is an example
of reactive atypia induced by an indwelling catheter [37].
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